Vaccination FAQ

The vaccine is currently available for the following groups: 

1a: Healthcare Personnel and Long-Term Care Residents

1b: Frontline Essential Workers, People Aged 65 years and Older, People aged 16 through 64 years with a High Risk Medical Condition or Disability that Increases Their Risk of Severe Illness from COVID-19, and People Living in Correctional Facilities, Homeless Shelters and Migrant Labor Camps

Vaccine supply is limited, and there are not enough vaccines for everyone in Phase 1b at this time. Virginia is not likely to meet the demand for Phase 1b until March or April. It may be weeks or longer before vaccination appointments become available for those who have pre-registered. Vaccine providers across Virginia are working as quickly as possible to vaccinate people eligible for Phases 1a and 1b.

At this time, there is no set date for the start of Phase 1c. During Phase 1c, vaccines will be offered to other essential workers. 

Virginians not included in priority categories will be offered the COVID-19 vaccine when it is more widely available. Children under the age of 16 will be offered vaccines only after the vaccine is tested and authorized by FDA for use in children. 

Pre-registration is available through vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). You are able to pre-register even if you are not eligible to receive the vaccine right now. After you pre-register, you will be contacted when it is your turn to receive a vaccine. Also, VDH has developed these online tools:

• • An interactive map to enable Virginians to determine which COVID-19 vaccine phase their local health district is in. 
  • An eligibility tool to enable Virginians to find out which vaccination phase they fall under.

Only those in groups 1a and 1b are currently eligible to receive the vaccine. Where you receive the vaccine may depend on who you are. 

Many healthcare personnel are being vaccinated at their workplaces. Healthcare personnel who cannot access the vaccine through their employer should pre-register at vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). You will be asked for information about your job when you pre-register. If you think your employer may have previously submitted your information to your local health district, check if you are already in the statewide system at vaccinate.virginia.gov before trying to pre-register.

Residents of long-term care facilities are being vaccinated at their facilities through partnerships with CVS and Walgreens pharmacies. 

Essential workers may be most likely to receive the vaccine through employer-based vaccination clinics. Others will get it through their local health department or through arrangements with pharmacies and healthcare providers.  

Anyone eligible for Phase 1b based on age or medical condition may be vaccinated at a healthcare provider’s office, the local health department, a pharmacy, urgent care, or healthcare system. 

Many people not included in priority groups may be vaccinated at a healthcare provider’s office, the local health department, a pharmacy, urgent care, or healthcare system. 

You can pre-register at vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). You are able to pre-register even if you are not eligible to receive the vaccine right now. After you pre-register, you will be contacted when it is your turn to receive the vaccine. The ability to schedule appointments will depend on the supply of vaccine available, and supply is limited right now.

Yes, healthcare systems and local health departments are working collaboratively to vaccinate healthcare personnel.

HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS are vaccinating their staff. Many are vaccinating non-health system staff as well.

LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS are identifying healthcare providers who are not affiliated with a hospital or health system in order to offer them vaccines as quickly as possible. Phase 1a primary caregivers who do not have access to the vaccine through their health system or healthcare providers should complete a pre-registration form through vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). You will be asked about your job when you pre-register. Employees whose employer may have previously submitted their information to their local health district should first check if they are already in the statewide system at vaccinate.virginia.gov before attempting to pre-register.

INFORMATION FOR HEALTHCARE EMPLOYERS 

Employees should complete their own pre-registration forms through vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). They will be asked about their job to determine eligibility. Employees whose employer may have previously submitted their information to their local health district should first check if they are already in the statewide system at vaccinate.virginia.gov before attempting to pre-register. Employers will also still be expected to educate their employees on how to individually pre-register and ensure that they correctly provide their work address on the pre-registration form.

Healthcare Personnel include the following: 

• Behavioral health providers
• Community health workers
• Dental assistants, hygienists, dentists
• EMT/first responders serving as EMT extenders
• Environmental services staff
• Healthcare trainees
• Home health workers
• Human service providers
• Infection control and quality assurance personnel
• Laboratorians
• Mortuary service providers (e.g. morticians/funeral home staff)
• Nurses, nursing assistants
• Optometrists
• Personal care aides
• Pharmacists, pharmacy techs and staff
• Physicians, physician assistants
• Public-facing public health workers
• Radiological techs (and other diagnostic/therapeutic techs)
• Respiratory, physical, speech and occupational techs
• Social workers
• Primary caregivers for persons with severe chronic medical conditions  or with intellectual or developmental disabilities requiring a high level of daily care 

For more information on Phase 1a, please see here. 

Virginia’s Phase 1b includes frontline essential workers, people aged 65 years and older, people living in correctional facilities, homeless shelters, and migrant labor camps, and people aged 16-64 years with a high-risk medical condition or disability that increases their risk of severe illness from COVID-19.

Workers who are in sectors essential to the functioning of society, are at substantially higher risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and cannot work remotely. Frontline Essential Workers include:

• Police, Fire, and Hazmat
• Corrections and homeless shelter workers
• Childcare/Pre K-12 Teachers/Staff (Public and Private)
• Food and Agriculture (including veterinarians)
• Manufacturing
• Grocery store workers
• Public transit workers
• Mail carriers (USPS and private)
• Officials needed to maintain continuity of government (including judges and public-facing judicial workers)
• Clergy/Faith Leaders
• Janitorial/Cleaning staff

For definitions of the occupational groups of the frontline essential workers listed above, see pages 9-16 of Guidance on the Essential Critical Infrastructure Workforce: Ensuring Community and National Resilience in COVID-19 Response.

Adults of any age with certain underlying medical conditions are at increased risk for severe illness from the virus that causes COVID-19. Individuals with any underlying medical conditions (including those NOT on the list below) should consult with their healthcare provider about their own personal risk factors associated with illness from COVID-19. Healthcare providers may use clinical judgement to determine if a patient’s medical condition or disability warrants prioritization for vaccination.

Adults of any age with the following conditions are at increased risk of severe illness from the virus that causes COVID-19:

• Cancer
• Chronic kidney disease
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
• Down Syndrome
• Heart conditions, such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies
• Immunocompromised state (weakened immune system) from solid organ transplant
• Obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 30 kg/m2 or higher but < 40 kg/m2)
• Severe Obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2)
• Pregnancy
• Sickle cell disease
• Smoking
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Based on what we know at this time, adults of any age with the following conditions might be at an increased risk for severe illness from the virus that causes COVID-19:

• Asthma (moderate-to-severe)
• Cerebrovascular disease (affects blood vessels and blood supply to the brain)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Hypertension or high blood pressure
• Immunocompromised state (weakened immune system) from blood or bone marrow transplant, immune deficiencies, HIV, use of corticosteroids, or use of other immune weakening medicines
• Neurologic conditions, such as dementia
• Liver disease
• Overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2, but < 30 kg/m2)
• Pulmonary fibrosis (having damaged or scarred lung tissues)
• Thalassemia (a type of blood disorder)
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus

For more information on this topic, please click here.

No, proof of a high-risk medical condition or disability that increases risk of severe illness from COVID-19 is not needed.

Yes. On page 10 of the Guidance on the Essential Critical Infrastructure Workforce: Ensuring Community and National Resilience in COVID-19 Response, convenience stores are included in the “Food and Agriculture” category of Phase 1b.

Yes, all health districts in Virginia are now in Phase 1b. Phase 1a is ongoing while communities vaccinate people included in Phase 1b.

Movement through phases is locality-specific, based on the needs or population in that locality. It also depends on the supply of vaccines available. Vaccine supply is limited, and demand is high. Virginia is not likely to meet the demand for Phase 1b until March or April.

Pre-registration is available through vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). After you pre-register, you will be contacted when it is your turn to receive a vaccine. If you are eligible because of your job and think your employer may have previously submitted your information to your local health district, check if you are already in the statewide system at vaccinate.virginia.gov before trying to pre-register.

Also, VDH has developed these online tools:

• An interactive map to enable Virginians to determine which COVID-19 vaccine phase their local health district is in. 
• An eligibility tool to enable Virginians to find out which vaccination phase they fall under.

During Phase 1b, roughly half of each local health district's allocation of doses should be used to vaccinate people aged 65 and older. Vaccine supply is limited, and demand is high. About half of Virginia residents are now eligible to receive the vaccine, and Virginia is not likely to meet the demand for Phase 1b until March or April.

Many of the people who are included in Phase 1b because of their age will be offered the vaccine through their healthcare provider. Others in this category will be able to access vaccination through their local health department or through arrangements with healthcare systems and pharmacies. 

Virginia’s Phase 1c includes other essential workers not included in Phase 1b.

In Phase 1b, frontline essential workers were included. Vaccination will be allocated to additional essential workers in Phase 1c. These workers are in sectors essential to the functioning of society and/or are at higher risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Other Essential Workers include:

• Energy
• Water, Wastewater, and Waste Removal Workers (includes recycling removal workers)
• Housing and Construction
• Food Service
• Transportation and Logistics
• Institutions of Higher Education Faculty/Staff
• Finance
• Information Technology & Communication
• Media
• Legal Services
• Public Safety (Engineers)
• Other Public Health Workers

Occupational definitions and further clarifications can be found within guidelines provided by Guidance issued by Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).

The exact timeline for vaccination of individuals in Phase 1c is not yet known, and more information will be communicated in the future.

Vaccine supply is limited, and VDH is distributing vaccines to communities primarily based on population. Local health departments will announce when access continues to expand for those residing in the community. Individuals who have pre-registered for vaccination online at vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682) will be contacted when it is their turn to receive the vaccine. 

VDH and vaccination partners continue to vaccinate healthcare personnel and long term care facility residents. Local health departments are identifying healthcare providers who are not affiliated with a hospital or health system and need to be vaccinated. Residents of long-term care facilities are being vaccinated at their facilities through partnerships with CVS and Walgreens pharmacies.

Virginia residents and workers can pre-register to get a COVID-19 vaccine through our Statewide Vaccine Pre-registration System, even if they are not eligible to receive the vaccine right now. You can pre-register online 24/7 at vaccinate.virginia.gov. You can also pre-register by phone 7 days a week from 8:00am to 8:00pm by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). Service is available in English and Spanish. Call-back service in 100+ languages. TTY service to assist people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired. 

You only need to pre-register once, either at vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682) . If you have already pre-registered through your local health district, you were automatically added to the new statewide system and will keep your status in the queue. After you pre-register, you will be contacted when it is your turn to get the vaccine. 

Clergy members and faith leaders fall under Phase 1b. 

Member of the clergy/faith leader refers to a person formally designated within a religious group or faith community/congregation that performs religious functions critical to the continuity of the faith community, congregation, or house of worship. A faith leader includes but is not limited to: Apostle, Bishop, Cardinal, Minister, Nun, Imam, Pastor, Priest, Punjaris, and/or Rabbi.

The CDC provides additional support in their VAMS Vaccine Recipient Frequently Asked Account Set Up and Scheduling Questions.

No, photo identification is not required for vaccination. It is important however, to have some way to confirm your identity (i.e. name, date of birth) so we can confirm that we are vaccinating the right person.

No, government-issued identification is not required to receive a vaccination. You can not be turned away for lack of documentation.

No. Proof of Virginia residency is not required.

No. Any person living in the U.S., regardless of duration, is eligible to be vaccinated. Proof of U.S. Citizenship is not required.

Yes. Persons living in Virginia who are eligible for the current phase of Virginia vaccination rollout (e.g. based on age, medical condition or occupation) can receive vaccination in Virginia.

There is no policy that you may only receive a vaccine in your locality of residence. However, vaccines are allocated by population in the locality, so it is best to work with your local health department in the locality where you live. 

Virginia is receiving weekly shipments of both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines from the federal government and is using those doses to vaccinate people in Phases 1a and 1b. Shipments will increase in the coming months. 

Several other drug companies are participating in Phase 3 trials at this time, and other vaccines may be available in the future. 

Long-term care facility residents are being given vaccines on-site at their facilities by CVS and Walgreens teams. These pharmacies are partnering with the CDC to bring vaccines directly to the facilities so residents do not have to travel. 

Phase 1a healthcare workers will receive the vaccine at their places of employment.

Phase 1a healthcare workers who cannot receive the vaccine at their place of employment should pre-register at vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). You will be asked for information about your job when you pre-register. If you think your employer may have previously submitted your information to your local health district, check if you are already in the statewide system at vaccinate.virginia.gov before trying to pre-register.

Primary caregivers perform a role similar to that of a home health aide or personal care aide, which are included in Phase 1a.  Primary caregivers for persons with severe chronic medical conditions or with intellectual or developmental disabilities requiring a high level of daily care will be able to access a vaccine through their local health department, their healthcare provider, or arrangements with healthcare systems and pharmacies as part of Phase 1a.  

Vaccine supply is limited, and demand is high.  Phase 1a is ongoing while communities vaccinate people included in Phase 1b. It may take several weeks or longer to vaccinate people included in Phase 1a. 

Phase 1a primary caregivers who do not have access to the vaccine through their health system or healthcare provider should pre-register at vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682) . You will be asked to provide information about your role as a primary caregiver when you pre-register.

There is not sufficient supply at this time to vaccinate everyone in Phase 1b at the same time. Local health districts will reach out to engage the Frontline Essential Worker groups in vaccination planning in the following order:

1. Police, Fire, and Hazmat
2. Corrections and homeless shelter workers
3. Childcare/Pre K-12 Teachers/Staff (Public and Private) 
4. Food and Agriculture (including veterinarians) 
5. Manufacturing
6. Grocery store workers
7. Public transit workers
8. Mail carriers (USPS and private)
9. Officials needed to maintain continuity of government (including judges and public-facing judicial workers)
10. Clergy/Faith Leaders
11. Janitorial/Cleaning staff

How Frontline Essential Workers Can Access Vaccination

Local health departments, pharmacies, healthcare systems, and employer-based occupational health units are working collaboratively to vaccinate frontline essential workers. Frontline essential workers may be most likely to receive the vaccine through employer-based vaccination clinics.  Others will get it through their local health department or through arrangements with pharmacies and healthcare providers.  Information will be coming out from local health departments, employers, and healthcare providers about how and when you can receive your COVID-19 vaccine. The ability to schedule appointments will depend on the supply of vaccine available.

How Persons Aged 65 years and Older And Persons Aged 16 through 64 Years with a High Risk Medical Condition or Disability Can Access Vaccination

Many of the people who are included in Phase 1b because of their age and/or an underlying medical condition or disability will be offered the vaccine through their healthcare provider. Others in this category will be able to access vaccination through their local health department or through arrangements with healthcare systems and pharmacies.

How Persons Living in Correctional Facilities, Homeless Shelters, and Migrant Labor Camps Can Access Vaccination

The Department of Corrections, local and regional jails, and their occupational health programs will vaccinate staff and persons living in correctional facilities, with local health department assistance as needed. Those living in homeless shelters and migrant labor camps will receive the vaccine through their local health department or through arrangements with healthcare systems and pharmacies.

Pre-registration is available through vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682). After you pre-register, you will be contacted when it is your turn to receive a vaccine. If you are eligible because of your job and think your employer may have previously submitted your information to your local health district, check if you are already in the statewide system at vaccinate.virginia.gov before trying to pre-register.

To keep up to date on vaccination eligibility for individuals, VDH has developed these online tools:

• An interactive map to enable Virginians to determine which COVID-19 vaccine phase their local health district is in.
• An eligibility tool to enable Virginians to find out which vaccination phase they fall under.

You are not eligible to receive the vaccine at this time if you are in Phase 1c, but you can pre-register now. Pre-registration is available through vaccinate.virginia.gov or by calling 1-877-VAX-IN-VA (1-877-829-4682).

Because there is not sufficient supply at this time to vaccinate everyone in Phase 1c at the same time, local health districts will reach out to engage the Other Essential Worker groups in vaccination planning in the following order:

1. Energy 
2. Water, Wastewater, and Waste Removal Workers (includes recycling removal workers) 
3. Housing and Construction 
4. Food Service 
5. Transportation and Logistics 
6. Institutions of Higher Education Faculty/Staff 
7. Finance 
8. Information Technology & Communication
9. Media 
10. Legal Services
11. Public Safety (Engineers) 
12. Other Public Health Workers

How Other Essential Workers Can Access Vaccination

Local health departments, pharmacies, healthcare systems, and employer-based occupational health units are working collaboratively to vaccinate other essential workers. Other essential workers may be most likely to receive the vaccine through employer-based vaccination clinics. Others will get it through their local health department or through arrangements with pharmacies and healthcare providers.  Information will be coming out from local health departments, employers, and healthcare providers about how and when you can receive your COVID-19 vaccine. The ability to schedule appointments will depend on the supply of vaccine available.

The doses Virginia receives from the federal government are allocated by VDH to local health districts, mostly based on population. Local health districts then work with volunteers, hospitals, healthcare providers, and pharmacies to provide these vaccines to people in their districts in an efficient and equitable way. 

Right now, there is not enough supply to vaccinate everyone eligible for Phase 1b at the same time. Local health departments are using  roughly half of available vaccines to vaccinate people aged 65 and older. The other half of available vaccines are being used to vaccinate frontline essential workers, people aged 16-64 with high-risk medical conditions or disabilities, and people in correctional facilities, homeless shelters, and migrant labor camps.  

In the future, if there is a sufficient amount of vaccine to cover an entire priority group, it will be shipped directly to the designated vaccinators to administer to anyone who wants to be vaccinated.

No, the dosing or schedules of COVID-19 vaccines should not be changed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has emphasized that vaccine providers should continue to follow the authorized dosing and schedules for COVID-19 vaccines.

The COVID-19 vaccines authorized for emergency use have shown high effectiveness when following the specified dosing and schedules in the emergency use authorizations.

For additional information, see the FDA Statement on Following the Authorized Dosing Schedules for COVID-19 Vaccines.

VDH released a COVID-19 vaccine dashboard with information including total vaccine doses received and administered. Locality and demographic information is also available. 

The vaccine will be offered to everyone at no cost. Any fees will be covered either by insurance companies or by the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration Provider Relief Fund. You will not have any out-of-pocket costs.

No. There are currently two vaccine brands available in the United States, but each healthcare provider will likely have only one brand. Vaccines will be offered to everyone at no cost, regardless of whether or not they have insurance.

No. While there is currently more than one vaccine brand available to Americans, local health departments, healthcare providers, pharmacies, and clinics will likely have only one brand. Vaccine supplies are limited, and you should take whichever COVID-19 vaccine is available to you. In general, side effects and effectiveness for the currently available vaccines are very similar.

The flu vaccine and routine childhood vaccines are provided free or low-cost by many public providers in underserved areas. Refer to the VDH website for more information.

The COVID-19 vaccine will be offered to everyone at no cost regardless of health insurance. Availability will be based on risk level, not on income or insurance. Children under the age of 16 will be offered a COVID-19 vaccine only after the vaccines are tested and authorized for emergency use in children.

The following federal entities (and their respective populations) that will receive a direct allocation of COVID-19 vaccine: 

• Bureau of Prisons (BoP)
  • All BoP-managed facilities: facility staff and inmates
  •  Private contracted facilities and contracted residential reentry centers (RRCs) not included
• Department of Defense (DoD)
  •  Active duty personnel and their dependents 
  • Retirees (does not include their dependents) 
  • U.S. Coast Guard (does not include their dependents) 
  •  DoD civilian and contractor employees (those who regularly receive care through DoD as well as those who don’t) 
  • To be determined: Reserves and National Guard (including those not activated)
• Department of State (DoS)
  • All personnel under Chief of Mission eligible to receive care through DoS
  • Stateside civil service employees
• Indian Health Service (IHS)
  • Tribal nations selecting IHS for vaccine allocation
  • Potentially includes IHS/Tribal/Urban facility staff and individuals served
• Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
  • VA staff (including volunteers and trainees) and veterans regularly receiving care at VHA facilities
  • (State Veterans Homes not included)

Federal employees can also access the vaccine through other entities available, if they are eligible for the vaccine.

At this time, Virginia is receiving a limited supply of COVID-19 vaccines each week from the federal government. VDH is distributing these vaccines to communities in Virginia primarily based on population.

Additional doses reach some residents of Virginia through separate federal allocations for employees of the U.S. Department of Defense and certain other agencies; the Indian Health Service; a federal contract with CVS and Walgreens to vaccinate residents of long-term care facilities; and to selected CVS locations in Virginia through the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program.

The Federal Retail Pharmacy Program is a federal program that provides additional COVID-19 vaccines to certain retail pharmacies each week. These vaccines are provided in addition to the weekly supply of vaccines already being sent to Virginia by the federal government. 

CVS is the first of Virginia's pharmacy partners in the program with  selected CVS locations administering vaccines. These appointments are limited to people aged 65 and older. Anyone 65 or older can check cvs.com regularly as additional appointments become available. Additional pharmacies will soon begin receiving doses, including selected CVS, Food City, Giant, Kroger, Safeway, Walgreens, Walmart, and multiple independent community pharmacies. 

There is no charge to any U.S. resident for COVID-19 vaccine or for the vaccination appointment itself. No one can get their vaccine sooner by paying someone money. The Virginia Attorney General has recently provided a warning and detailed advice for avoiding COVID-19 vaccine scams or other COVID-19 scams here.

The Commonwealth of Virginia will never call, email, or text asking for someone's social security number or immigration status in connection with vaccination. Virginians who have any questions or concerns or believe they may have been the victim of a COVID vaccine related scam should reach out to Attorney General Herring’s Consumer Protection Section. 

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is also warning the public about several emerging fraud schemes related to COVID-19 vaccines. If you believe you have been the victim of a COVID-19 fraud, immediately report it to the FBI (ic3.gov, tips.fbi.gov, or 1-800-CALL-FBI) or HHS OIG (tips.hhs.gov or 1-800-HHS-TIPS).

VDH continues to sign up Virginia healthcare providers who want to provide the COVID-19 vaccine. These providers include hospitals, long-term care facilities, local health departments, pharmacies, health systems, outpatient centers and urgent care centers. Vaccine providers are being trained to correctly store, administer, and document available vaccines.

When healthcare providers register to provide vaccines in Virginia, they identify the number of people they think they will vaccinate in each risk group (senior citizens, essential workers, people with serious medical conditions, etc.). VDH is using this information, along with CDC recommendations, to determine how and when vaccines should be distributed to each group.

The COVID-19 vaccine will greatly reduce your chances of getting COVID-19 and will ensure that if you do get the virus, you will have only mild symptoms or none at all.

We don’t know yet why some healthy people become seriously ill or die from COVID-19, while other people with COVID-19 only become mildly sick. There’s no way to know how COVID-19 will affect you. Once vaccinated, your body will build immunity to the virus so you are less likely to get sick.

Experts continue to conduct more studies about the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on severity of illness from COVID-19, as well as its ability to keep people from spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.

Goal #1: The most important goal of a COVID-19 vaccine is to safely protect the vaccine recipients over a long period. It should either protect them completely, keeping them from getting infected at all or make sure that if they are vaccinated but still get infected, their COVID-19 infection is less severe than it would have been if they had not been vaccinated.

Goal #2: A second goal for a COVID-19 vaccine is to be sure that the people who get vaccinated can’t pass a COVID-19 infection on to other people even if they are not having any symptoms themselves. For example, many people who get COVID-19 infections have no symptoms at all, but they can still transmit and spread COVID-19 to people that they come in contact with.

Goal #3: A third goal for a COVID-19 vaccine is to provide an opportunity for an entire population to develop long-lasting “herd immunity, in which many people are protected against COVID-19, either because they have been vaccinated or, for some, because they had COVID-19 disease and then recovered. If the number of people in a population with those kinds of immunity and protection becomes high enough, there won’t be enough unprotected people left who can still get infected with COVID-19 to allow that disease to keep spreading.

The vaccine will not be mandatory for Virginians and there are no legal penalties for refusing it, but we urge you to get it once it’s available. Once enough people are vaccinated against COVID-19, we can resume more of the everyday activities we enjoyed before the COVID-19 pandemic.

No. The vaccine will not give you COVID-19 because the vaccine is not made from the live virus. The vaccine just teaches your body to build a protein that fights the virus. However, it can take a few weeks for the body to build immunity after any vaccination, so it’s possible to get COVID-19 from another person just before or just after being vaccinated, while your immunity is still developing.

Sometimes the immune response from a vaccine can cause soreness at the injection site, a fever, headache or tiredness. This is normal and should go away after a few days.

No. Vaccines currently being developed in the United States will not cause you to test positive on COVID-19 PCR and antigen tests. These types of tests detect active infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.

After vaccination, you might test positive on a COVID-19 antibody test. This type of test shows previous exposure of your immune system to the virus that causes COVID-19, not current infection. We’re still learning about how COVID-19 vaccination might influence the interpretation of antibody test results.

While the vaccine will help keep you from getting sick from COVID-19, scientists are not yet sure if a person who has been vaccinated can still give the virus to other people. That means it is important for everyone to get vaccinated and to continue wearing masks and following physical distancing recommendations.

When you get vaccinated for COVID-19, you will be provided a card that contains the name of the vaccine manufacturer, the vaccine lot number, the date and the location of where you were immunized. Please keep this card in a safe place.

You should also receive a fact sheet with information specific to the vaccine that you received.

All people recieving a COVID-19 shot should be monitored on site for some time, after receiving the shot.

Remember to ask your healthcare provider about how to register for v-safe. V-safe allows you to use your smartphone to tell CDC about any side effects after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. You’ll also get reminders if you need a second vaccine dose. You can also choose to enroll in the VaxText text messaging service. By texting ENROLL to 1-833-VaxText (829-8398), vaccine recipients can opt in to receive a weekly text reminder for their second dose of COVID-19 vaccine or a reminder for when they are overdue for their second dose, in English or Spanish.

Herd immunity is a form of indirect protection from an infectious disease that occurs when the majority of a population has become immune to infection, either through vaccination or previous infections. Once herd immunity is achieved, the infectious disease is less likely to spread. Those who did not get vaccinated will still be protected because the population in which they live is protected. This is especially important for people with certain medical conditions who might not be able to receive a vaccine.

Herd immunity only works in very large groups -- tens of thousands of people -- because it keeps the virus from being able to find new hosts within the population. A small group, like a family or a school, cannot have herd immunity because there are still too many other people in the community who can spread the virus. That’s why a country can only have herd immunity when most of the population has been vaccinated.

With COVID-19 and many other diseases, if you become sick, your body builds up antibodies that keep you from getting sick again from the same virus -- at least for a while. This is called “natural immunity.” A vaccine gives you the same type of natural immunity -- at least for a while. How much immunity and how long it lasts depends on the disease and on the person. For instance, most people who had measles as a child -- or who got the vaccine -- have immunity for life. COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccine are similar. However, we do not know for sure how long the immunity will last.

After the immunity runs out, you will need another dose of COVID-19 vaccine. In some other types of vaccines, a second shot or “booster” gives immunity for a much longer time than the first dose. In others, like the flu vaccine, you need to get the vaccine every year.

Yes, regardless of history (symptomatic or asymptomatic), they should get the vaccine.  In the clinical trial, there were patients with serologic evidence of previous infection.   Patients should be out of the isolation period and out of the active stage of infection when they get vaccinated.

The one exception for vaccination might be for those people who had COVID-19 earlier but who have not recovered completely and are still having long-term effects. If you are still having long-term effects after COVID-19, you should discuss COVID-19 vaccination with your healthcare provider. 

While there is otherwise no recommended minimum interval between infection and vaccination, current evidence suggests that reinfection is uncommon in the 90 days after initial infection. Thus, persons with documented COVID-19 in the preceding 90 days may delay vaccination until near the end of this period, if desired.

There have been reports of people testing positive for COVID-19 after completing the vaccination series. Thus far all cases have been either mild or asymptomatic. Gene sequencing and investigation of these cases are underway. Breakthrough cases are rare, but they should be expected as COVID-19 vaccines do not provide 100% protection from getting the virus. 

An individual is considered a breakthrough case, if they test positive for SARS-COV-2 at least 14 days after completing both doses of the vaccine. 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a lot of information on this topic. To learn more:

1. • Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination
   • Vaccines
   • Benefits of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine
   • Understanding How COVID-19 Vaccines Work
   • How CDC Is Making COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations
   • 8 Things to Know about Vaccine Planning
   • Busting Myths and Misconceptions about COVID-19 Vaccination

For the latest information about COVID-19 vaccination in Virginia, click here. 

One of the reasons that these COVID-19 coronavirus vaccines could be produced and tested so quickly is that two previous coronaviruses, SARS that emerged in China in 2002 and MERS that emerged in the Middle East in 2012, taught us a lot about developing a safe and effective coronavirus vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccines have been produced faster than any other U.S. vaccines, but they have followed the very same process as any other vaccine, including studying tens of thousands of participants of different ages, races and ethnicities for each vaccine.

For every vaccine used in the United States (including COVID-19), trials start with Phases 1 and 2, when small groups of people are vaccinated and then monitored for safety. Then, in Phase 3, tens of thousands of people are vaccinated to be sure the vaccine is both safe and effective for all types of people. 

Development of U.S. vaccines is strictly controlled by the FDA. After the FDA authorizes or approves a vaccine, an independent immunization committee at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) decides whether to recommend it and for whom. In all stages of the process, the most important factor is safety. Vaccines must meet the highest standards of safety and have minimal side effects, because they are given to healthy people to prevent disease. And in fact, the United States currently has the safest, most effective vaccines in its history.

The CDC and FDA monitor the safety of vaccines after authorization and approval to be sure they are safe and effective in the long term. After a vaccine is authorized or approved, as it is being used in widespread vaccine programs, it enters Phase 4 of vaccine research, where CDC and FDA continue to monitor its safety and long-term effects. These long term studies, which include people at high risk for COVID-19, will help identify any common side effects or other safety concerns and will help clarify how long protection lasts after vaccination.

VDH shares the goal of ensuring safe vaccines and has the safety of the Commonwealth and its citizens as its number one priority. VDH works closely with the CDC to review all vaccines to be sure its recommendations are based on sound science. 

All Phase 3 vaccine trials had at least 30,000 participants each and included people from various races, ethnicities, age groups, and genders. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, the companies currently providing COVID-19 vaccines in the United States, report that at least 30% of their trial participants are Black, Hispanic, Asian or Native American.

The effectiveness of a vaccine (how well it works) is determined through studies that compare the proportion (percentage) of vaccinated people who got COVID-19 infection with the proportion (percentage) of people who didn’t get the vaccine (control group) and developed COVID-19 infection. If significantly fewer people in the vaccine group become infected compared to the control group, the vaccine is determined to be effective.

Sometimes scientists can use a different measure to decide if a vaccine is working. For example, for a disease as serious and sometimes fatal as COVID-19, we might worry less about people having a mild COVID-19 infection and worry more about how well a vaccine can keep vaccinated people from needing to be in a hospital or in an intensive care unit.  Fortunately, both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna vaccines have done really well in keeping vaccinated people from needing to be in a hospital. 

In order to show effectiveness, a vaccine trial also looks at many factors, including age, race and ethnicity, gender, degree of exposure to COVID-19, and other risk factors. For example, healthcare workers are more likely to be exposed to the virus and are more likely to be exposed to large amounts of it. People with chronic illnesses like diabetes or asthma may be less likely to come into contact with the virus, but they are more likely to become seriously ill if they do get it. 

mRNA stands for messenger ribonucleic acid. mRNA does not get into the nucleus of your cells and it does not put germs into your body. Instead, it teaches your cells to make a non-infectious COVID-19 protein that then stimulates an immune response. That immune response produces antibodies that help keep you from becoming infected if the COVID-19 virus enters your body. Vaccines that use mRNA will not change your DNA or cause any alteration of your body’s genetic material.   

An EUA is an “Emergency Use Authorization,” a process in the FDA that allows a drug or vaccine company to apply for use of a COVID-19 vaccine with a limited amount of effectiveness and safety data. This means that the vaccine can become available for use in an emergency like the current COVID-19 pandemic more quickly than the usual approval and licensing process would allow. 

Before it allows an EUA, the FDA must decide that the known and possible benefits of the vaccine outweigh the risks of authorizing (allowing) its use in that kind of emergency before it has been studied long term.

EUAs are issued when the FDA agrees that the current disease situation is so dangerous that there is not time for the usual long-term studies. Even in an emergency, however, the short-term studies and trials must show that the vaccine is effective and as safe as possible. 

The first COVID-19 vaccines in the United States have been authorized as EUAs so they can be distributed quickly to as many people as possible. The vaccine companies will still need to obtain the regular biological license application (BLA) approval later to continue marketing the vaccines, but a BLA approval requires up to a year of study.

Information describing a COVID-19 vaccine’s path from research to an EUA can be found on the FDA’s website here.

Because COVID-19 vaccines are so new, information on long term side-effects is still being collected and studied.

However, while we do not yet know all of the side effects of COVID19 vaccination, some people in the trials have had arm pain at the injection site, tiredness, headache or other body aches and some had chills or a fever for a few days. These expected side effects are more common in younger people than older people and more common after the 2nd vaccine dose than after the first dose.

Some people have reported redness, swelling, and itching around the injection site beginning a few days or into the second week after their first vaccine dose.  Some of these reactions have been quite large. It is not known if the persons who experience this will have a similar reaction after their second dose. However, these reactions are not felt to represent a risk for anaphylaxis upon receipt of the second dose. Thus, individuals with such delayed injection site reactions after the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose should receive the second dose using the same vaccine product as the first dose and at the recommended interval, and preferably in the opposite arm.

These short term discomforts are the effects of your body developing immunity, and are normal. These discomforts do not mean that the vaccine has given you COVID-19. Even if you experience discomfort after the first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, it is very important that you still receive the second dose a few weeks later for the vaccine to be effective.

No. There is no live virus in the current COVID-19 vaccines.

However, because there are still so many COVID-19-infected people in our communities, it is possible that a few COVID-19 vaccine recipients have already been exposed and infected with COVID-19 at the time they get the vaccine even if they are not yet showing symptoms of COVID-19 infection. If those exposed people later have symptoms of COVID-19 infection or test positive for it soon after vaccination, that does not mean they got COVID-19 from the vaccine.

Medicines such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen or other medicines called “non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs” (NSAIDS) can help with the expected side effects (arm pain, fever) once those side effects start to occur. However, these drugs should not be taken before your COVID-19 vaccine doses since information on their possible impact on the body's ability to create immunity to COVID-19 infection is not yet available.

If you have an underlying medical condition such as diabetes, asthma or obesity, you may be at higher risk for severe COVID-19 disease so your need for the vaccine is even greater. So when a COVID-19 vaccine is available to you, you are encouraged to get vaccinated to protect yourself from serious COVID-19 illness. 

Several groups of people have special COVID-19 vaccine concerns:

• People with weakened immune systems are at greater risk for severe COVID-19 disease. Categories of patients with weakened immune systems include patients with disease such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, bone marrow or organ transplant, genetic immune deficiencies, or patients taking steroids or other medicines designed to suppress the immune system. Such patients can receive COVID-19 vaccine if they have no other contraindications but they should be aware that there is only limited safety data available and that, because their immune system may be weaker than normal, they may have a weaker immune response to the vaccine and may thus be less protected against COVID-19 infection.

Even after vaccination, such patients should pay extra attention to the continuing need for all of the other COVID-19 prevention measures such as mask-wearing, avoidance of crowds and poorly ventilated spaces, physical distancing and handwashing. 

• People with some autoimmune diseases are also able to be vaccinated but also need to be aware of the limited safety data for people in their category.

• People with a neurologic disease history of having previously had either Guillain-Barre syndrome or Bell’s palsy can receive COVID-19 vaccine but need to be closely monitored for the re-development of one of those conditions.
• Some people with a history of dermal filler use may develop swelling at or near the site of filler injection after receiving a dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. If it occurs, this problem can be treated by a healthcare provider and dermal filler use is not a contraindication to COVID-19 vaccination. However, such people should be advised to contact their health care provider if they experience swelling at a dermal filler injection site.  

People with any of these conditions or situations should discuss COVID-19 vaccination with their healthcare provider. 

Additional information on COVID-19 vaccination for people with these conditions can be found on the CDC website here.  

There have been rare reports of people receiving COVID-19 vaccine, who suffered severe allergic reactions, also known as anaphylaxis. An allergic reaction is considered severe if it requires hospitalization, or the use of an EpiPen (epinephrine) injection for treatment. 

These severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) have occurred rarely after both of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines. Based on VAERS reports and reported doses administered, CDC data published on February 19th show that the anaphylaxis occurred following vaccination with the current COVID-19 vaccines about 4.5 times for every million doses administered.

If you have ever had a severe allergic reaction to any of the ingredients in a COVID-19 vaccine, you should not get that specific vaccine. In that case, your doctor may want to refer you to a specialist in allergies and immunology to provide more care or advice.

If you have ever had an immediate allergic reaction to polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate, you should not get an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine unless you have been evaluated by a specialist in allergies and immunology and it is determined that you can safely receive the mRNA vaccine in a setting with advanced medical care available. 

If you have ever had a severe allergic reaction in the past to other vaccines or injectable medications, you should ask your doctor or other healthcare provider if you should get a COVID-19 vaccine. That person will help you decide if it is safe for you to get vaccinated.  And in fact, If you have ANY concerns about getting a COVID-19 vaccine, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider. 

People with a history of allergic reactions not related to vaccines or injectable medications—such as allergies to food, pet dander, venom, pollen, or latex—are not likely to have a severe reaction to COVID-19 vaccines and may still get vaccinated. People with a history of allergies to oral antibiotics or other oral medications or a family history of severe allergic reaction may also still get vaccinated.

Finally, each site where COVID-19 vaccines are given is required to have the medications on hand to treat any of the severe or milder allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines.

If you get a COVID-19 vaccine and you think you might be having a severe allergic reaction after leaving the vaccination site, seek immediate medical care by calling 911. 

For the most up to date information on allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, see COVID-19 Vaccines and Severe Allergic Reactions on the CDC web site. 

Other information on the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine can be found here and information about the Moderna vaccine can be found here. 

People who have had recent COVID-19 disease should get COVID-19 vaccine only after they have recovered from their illness.

Children under the age of 16 or 18 (depending on which vaccine is available), should not receive the current vaccines as they have not been studied yet in this population. (Use of COVID-19 vaccines in older children and adolescents is now being studied).

People who had COVID-19 disease earlier and who were treated with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibody should defer the COVID-19 vaccine until at least 90 days have passed since their last plasma or antibody treatment  

Starting the COVID-19 vaccination series as soon as it becomes available to you is an important step. Given the lack of data on the safety and efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered at the same time as other vaccines, the COVID-19 vaccine series should be administered alone, with a minimum interval of 14 days before or after getting any other vaccines. However, if mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are inadvertently given within 14 days of another vaccine, doses do not need to be repeated for either vaccine.

If you have concerns about close spacing of vaccines, you should discuss this issue with your doctor or other health care provider. 

Information on the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine can be found here.

A complete list of this vaccine’s ingredients can be found here. 

Type of vaccine: mRNA

Number of injections (shots): 2 injections, 21 days apart

How given: injections in the muscle of the upper arm

This vaccine does not contain: Eggs, preservatives, gelatin, Latex

The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is recommended for people aged 16 years and older.

Information on the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine can be found here.

A complete list of this vaccine’s ingredients can be found here. 

Type of vaccine: mRNA

Number of injections (shots): 2 injections, 28 days apart

How given: Injection in the muscle of the upper arm

This vaccine does not contain: Eggs, preservatives, gelatin, Latex

The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for people aged 18 years and older.

Available data suggest that some pregnant women who get infected with COVID-19 are at greater risk of having a severe form of COVID-19 than non-pregnant women. Pregnant women with some underlying conditions, such as diabetes or obesity, are at even greater risk, as is true in the non-pregnant population.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) recommend that COVID-19 vaccines should NOT be withheld from pregnant or breast-feeding women or from other women who intend to get pregnant and who otherwise are in any of the priority categories for COVID-19 vaccination based on the CDC and its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations

While safety data on the use of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy are not yet available (and are now being collected), there are also no data suggesting that these COVID-19 vaccines should be withheld from people in these groups. 

Pregnant or breast-feeding women who are considering a COVID-19 vaccination should discuss the potential risk and benefits of COVID-19 vaccines with their doctor or nurse-midwife.   

The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine has not yet been studied in children less than 16 years old and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine has not yet been studied in children less than 18 years old, so vaccinating children below these ages is not yet recommended. 

Although there is not yet an exact timeline for children to get vaccinated against COVID-19, additional studies looking at vaccine safety and effectiveness in children and adolescents are now being done and recommendations for vaccinating children will be developed as soon as these studies are finished.

A COVID-19 vaccine for pets is not available. A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, mostly after close contact with people who have COVID-19. Some pets did not show any signs of illness, and most of those pets that did get sick all had mild disease that could be taken care of at home. Although people can give COVID-19 to household pets and other animals, there is no evidence that animals play a major role in spreading COVID-19 to people. For these reasons, there is no COVID-19 vaccine for pets. If your pet is sick or you think your pet might have the virus, call your veterinarian to discuss your pet’s health.

Vaccines must meet the highest standards of safety and have minimal side effects because they generally are given to healthy people to prevent disease. Vaccines are strictly regulated by the FDA. The CDC and FDA are committed to assuring the safety of vaccines through detailed studies both before and after they are licensed. The United States currently has the safest, most effective vaccines in its history. 

And in fact all people now getting COVID-19 vaccine will continue to be monitored for long-term side effects and to be sure the vaccine continues to be effective in the coming months and years.

The Virginia Department of Health (VDH) shares the goal of ensuring safe vaccines. VDH has the safety of the Commonwealth and its citizens as its number one priority. VDH works closely with CDC to conduct active surveillance and review of vaccines to ensure the recommendations the agency follows are of sound science. 

CDC and FDA continuously monitor the safety of vaccines after they are put into use. 

If CDC and FDA identify a problem with a vaccine, the agencies inform health officials, health care providers, and the public. These agencies use several systems to monitor vaccine safety:

• The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS): an early warning system that helps CDC and FDA monitor problems following vaccination.  Anyone can report possible vaccine side effects to VAERS. However, most of the VAERS monitoring is done by U.S. healthcare providers providing anonymous vaccine-related data from millions of patients. This system, which is already used to monitor all other current U.S. vaccines, alerts the CDC and FDA if healthcare systems begin recording complications that should not have been occurring after vaccines. VAERS cannot determine whether a vaccine caused any specific  side effect. VDH participates in VAERS.
• The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD): a collaboration between CDC and nine health care organizations around the United States, which allows ongoing monitoring and proactive searches of vaccine-related data.
• The Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project: a partnership between CDC and several medical centers that conducts clinical research on vaccine-associated health risks.
• V-safe is a new cell phone-based CDC system that individual COVID-19 vaccine recipients can use to notify CDC if they develop any side effects. Each vaccinated person can and should download a v-safe app onto their cell phone as soon as they receive the vaccine.  Instructions on how to download and use v-safe will be given out when you get the vaccine. As an extra benefit, v-safe will remind you about getting your second vaccine dose.  

Additional vaccine safety monitoring systems, such as the use of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) data, and continued monitoring through clinical trials will also be utilized to ensure the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.

Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 have been reported as being spread more easily than the strain we have been dealing with in the United States since March 2020. These enhanced transmission data have yet to be confirmed. In addition, whether the new variants cause milder or more severe illness is still unknown, as is whether the new variants might be less detectable by the currently available viral diagnostic tests such as PCR or antigen tests. 

Meanwhile COVID-19 vaccine experts are studying these new variants to determine  whether the current COVID-19 vaccines are likely to remain effective against them, that is, whether the new variants are unlikely to reduce vaccine effectiveness. Initial data are reassuring in terms of the current COVID-19 vaccines’ ability to protect against  the new variants. 

Additional information on the new virus variants is available from CDC here.  

But regardless of the amount of protection that any of these vaccines can provide against the new viral variants, even vaccinated people should continue with their own personal prevention steps to help stop the spread of the virus: wearing masks, staying six feet apart, avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated spaces and frequently washing your hands.

Although COVID-19 vaccination will help protect you from getting COVID-19 disease, you may have some local or systemic side effects from the vaccination, which are normal signs that your body is building protection against COVID-19. 

While we do not yet know all of the possible vaccine side effects, some vaccinated people have had arm pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache or other body aches, or chills or fever for a few days. These common side effects are also experienced after receiving other types of vaccines, such as the flu shot. These side effects do NOT mean that the vaccine has given you a COVID-19 infection. Rather, this means that the vaccine is causing your body’s immune system to react and create antibodies to fight off the virus in the future.

Some people have reported redness, swelling, and itching around the injection site beginning a few days or into the second week after their first vaccine dose.  Some of these reactions have been quite large. It is not known if the persons who experience this will have a similar reaction after their second dose. However, these reactions are not felt to represent a risk for anaphylaxis upon receipt of the second dose. Thus, individuals with such delayed injection site reactions after the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose should receive the second dose using the same vaccine product as the first dose and at the recommended interval, and preferably in the opposite arm.

These side effects may interfere with your ability to do daily activities, but they should go away in a few days.

Remember to sign up for v-safe, where you can use your smartphone to tell CDC about any side effects after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. You’ll also get reminders from V-Safe about your second vaccine dose.

If you have persistent pain or other discomfort, talk to your doctor about taking an over-the-counter medicine, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

To reduce pain and discomfort where you got the shot: 

• Apply a clean, cool, wet washcloth over the area
• Use or exercise your arm.

To reduce discomfort from fever:

• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Dress lightly.

When to call the doctor:

In most cases, discomfort from fever or arm pain or swelling where you got the shot will not last more than a few days after a COVID-19 vaccine dose. Contact your doctor or healthcare provider:

• If the redness or tenderness where you got the shot increases after 24 hours
• If your side effects are worrying you or do not seem to be going away after a few days

Healthcare personnel, experiencing certain symptoms may need to remain out of work, as outlined here. 

Residents of long term care facilities, experiencing certain symptoms may need to take additional precautions or measures as outlined here. 

There have been some reports of immediate but non-severe allergic reactions within 4 hours after getting a COVID-19 vaccine such as hives, swelling, and wheezing. People who have such an immediate allergic reaction - even if it was not severe - after their first COVID-19 vaccine dose should probably NOT receive the second dose of the currently available COVID-19 vaccine. However, because COVID-19 is a potentially serious disease, deciding not to finish your vaccine series is an important decision that should be discussed with your doctor or other healthcare provider.  

In some cases, your doctor may want to refer you to a specialist in allergies and immunology to help make a final decision. 

This depends on what signs and symptoms you are experiencing. The big concern is making sure that you are not one of the rare people who was exposed to COVID-19 just before you got vaccinated and that you now have an actual COVID-19 infection.

• In general, you can return to work if you are afebrile and signs and symptoms are limited only to those observed following COVID-19 vaccination (i.e., do not have other signs and symptoms of COVID-19 including cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, or loss of taste or smell). If symptoms persist for more than 2 days, you should not work, should be further evaluated, and a viral test for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered.
• For example, if you had an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., urticaria, anaphylaxis) or localized symptoms (e.g., pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site) alone but that reaction has now resolved completely, then you may go to work following normal protocols. 
• However, if you have signs and symptoms unlikely to be from the COVID-19 vaccine (e.g., cough, shortness of breath, rhinorrhea, sore throat, loss of taste or smell that could be from a COVID-19 infection), you should not go to work until you are evaluated for possible causes, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, as appropriate. Criteria for returning to work will depend on the suspected or confirmed diagnosis. 
• If you have signs and symptoms that may be from either COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection, or another infection (e.g., fever, fatigue, headache, chills, myalgia, arthralgia), you should consult your provider or occupational health office. 

For more information about post-vaccine considerations for healthcare workers, see here.  

No. Sometimes people who are afraid of or otherwise opposed to using vaccines raise this topic as a concern.  However, no fertility effects have been found for any current U.S. vaccine and there is no biologic reason to suspect that COVID-19 vaccines might have an effect on female or male fertility.

Although there have been no formal studies of fertility issues yet, this topic will be monitored as part of the Phase 4 (long term) vaccine studies that are being done.

You will need your smartphone and information about the COVID-19 vaccine you received. This information can be found on the vaccination record card you received during your vaccination; if you cannot find your card, please contact your healthcare provider.

For instructions on how to register for v-safe, please click here. 

VDH is asking providers to report all vaccination administrations to the Virginia Immunization Information System (VIIS). This is very important for ensuring that there is an established reporting and data feedback loop for the COVID-19 vaccine.

Healthcare providers who are interested in providing the COVID-19 vaccine may complete a Provider Intent form on the VDH website. VDH staff will contact providers once they have submitted their intent form to discuss the next steps to enroll as a COVID-19 vaccine provider.

Further information specific to enrollment as a vaccine provider in Virginia can be found here and general information from CDC can be found here.

Yes. The Virginia Department of Health publishes a list of individual healthcare providers/practices that are currently partnering with VDH to administer the COVID-19 vaccine. This is NOT a list of locations where the public may access the COVID-19 vaccine and does not indicate the number of doses available for public distribution. Many organizations and local health departments partner to deliver vaccines at community events, and some providers are coordinating with VDH to serve specific populations, such as long-term care facilities.

Data is published weekly on Wednesdays mornings (beginning February 17, 2021), and is meant to reflect data through the previous Sunday. These data do not indicate the current inventory available at these locations, and may not align exactly with the daily totals on the main VDH dashboard. Vaccine administrations may take up to 72 hours to be reported. In some cases, administration data may reflect the location where a patient's medical records were updated instead of the physical location the dose was administered. Doses may also be used to support a community event in a different locality, which may result in apparent discrepancies.

CDC has developed several self-study web modules for healthcare providers. These can be found here, and include the following:

• COVID-19 Vaccine Training: General Overview of Immunization Best Practices for Healthcare Providers (15 minutes)
• Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine: What Healthcare Professionals Need to Know (30 minutes)
• Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: What Healthcare Professionals Need to Know (30 minutes)

Each of these courses includes continuing medical education (CME) credits.

Additional resources include the CDC website “Clinical Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccination” and the CDC “COVID-19 Vaccination” homepage. 

The New England Journal of Medicine provides additional Covid-19 Vaccine 

Frequently Asked Questions for clinicians.

No. Instructions from Moderna about their current COVID-19 vaccine indicate that the vaccine should NOT be refrozen once it is thawed. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine vials that have been thawed and then refrozen should be considered spoiled and should be discarded. Discarded vaccine doses or vials should be reported according to the relevant VDH requirements. The VDH COVID Vaccine Wastage Form can be found here. 

No. Expired COVID-19 vaccine is much less likely to protect recipients. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine vials expire no later than six hours after they were first used and must be discarded then. Discarded vaccine doses or vials should be reported according to the relevant VDH requirements.The VDH COVID Vaccine Wastage Form can be found here.

Detailed information from CDC on how to address vaccine administration errors can be found here.

Key points include:

• Inform the recipient of the vaccine administration error.
• Consult with the state immunization program and/or Immunization Information System (IIS) to determine how the dose should be entered into the IIS, both as an administered dose and to account for inventory. The Virginia IIS homepage can be found here. 
• Report the error to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), unless otherwise indicated in the table. Providers are required to report all COVID-19 vaccine administration errors—even those not associated with an adverse event — to the VAERS. To file an electronic report, please see the VAERS website.

Determine how the error occurred and implement strategies to prevent it from happening again. A discussion on strategies to prevent errors can be found in the Vaccine Administration chapter of the Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Pink Book). Additional resources can be found on CDC’s vaccine administration web page, including a job aid for preventing errors.

CDC provides detailed information on preparing to handle anaphylaxis after COVID-19 vaccine administration here.

 Key points include:

• Healthcare personnel who are trained and qualified to recognize the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis, as well as administer intramuscular epinephrine, should be available at the vaccination location at all times.
• Vaccination locations that anticipate vaccinating large numbers of persons should plan adequate staffing and supplies (including epinephrine) for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis.
• A full list of medications and supplies to have on hand can be found here.
• COVID-19 vaccination locations should have at least 3 doses of epinephrine available at all times, and the ability to quickly obtain additional doses to replace supplies after epinephrine is administered to a patient. Persons with a history of anaphylaxis who carry an epinephrine auto-injector could be reminded to bring it to their vaccination appointment.

CDC recommends an observation period following vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Persons with a history of an immediate allergic reaction of any severity to a vaccine or injectable therapy and persons with a history of anaphylaxis due to any cause should be observed for 30 minutes. All other persons should be observed for 15 minutes.

For more information on allergic reactions related to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, please see the CDC website here.

Yes. CDC has specific guidance for healthcare providers who may be vaccinating homebound persons or persons in small group settings here.

Yes. The Center for Inclusive Design and Innovation (CIDI) at Georgia Tech has created COVID-19 resources in alternative formats based upon CDC's guidance.  Their work is supported by a grant from the CDC Foundation with technical assistance from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These accessible resources for COVID-19 for individuals with disabilities may be found here.

Yes. Pfizer-BioNTech states that ‘the thermal shipping container, including the temperature-monitoring device, must be returned to the supplier to help Pfizer-BioNTech fulfill its commitment to reusable resources’. The first step in preparing to return the container is to open the thermal shipping container and leave it at room temperature in a well-ventilated area to discard the dry ice. Details about how to return the container are available here.

V-safe is a smartphone-based tool that uses text messaging and web surveys to provide personalized health check-ins after patients receive a COVID-19 vaccination. Through v-safe, patients can quickly tell CDC if they have any side effects after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Depending on their answers, someone from CDC may call to check on them. V-safe will remind patients to get the second COVID-19 vaccine dose if they need one. 

Vaccination providers are asked to recommend the use of v-safe to all COVID-19 vaccine recipients.V-safe information sheets and posters are available under “Patient Education” on our website. 

The VaxText text messaging resource is a free, no cost to the provider or patient, service you can offer to vaccine recipients if you do not already have a text or email reminder system in place. By texting ENROLL to 1-833-VaxText (829-8398), vaccine recipients can opt in to receive a weekly text reminder for their second dose of COVID-19 vaccine or a reminder for when they are overdue for their second dose, in English or Spanish.

Additional information can be found here.

The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine series consist of two doses administered intramuscularly:

• Pfizer-BioNTech (30 µg, 0.3 ml each): 3 weeks (21 days) apart
• Moderna (100 µg, 0.5 ml): 1 month (28 days) apart

Persons should not be scheduled to receive the second dose earlier than recommended (i.e., 3 weeks [Pfizer-BioNTech] or 4 weeks [Moderna]). However, second doses administered within a grace period of 4 days earlier than the recommended date for the second dose are still considered valid. Doses inadvertently administered earlier than the grace period do not need to be repeated. 

The second dose should be administered as close to the recommended interval as possible. However, if it is not feasible to adhere to the recommended interval, the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines may be scheduled for administration up to 6 weeks (42 days) after the first dose. There are currently limited data on efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered beyond this window. If the second dose is administered beyond these intervals, there is no need to restart the series.

Additional information on vaccine administration can be found here. 

Vaccine administration errors should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

No, currently available mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are not interchangeable with each other or with other COVID-19 vaccine products. The safety and efficacy of a mixed-product series have not been evaluated. Both doses of the series should be completed with the same product. 

Every effort should be made to determine which vaccine product was received as the first dose, in order to ensure completion of the vaccine series with the same product. In exceptional situations in which the first-dose vaccine product cannot be determined or is no longer available, any available mRNA COVID-19 vaccine may be administered at a minimum interval of 28 days between doses to complete the mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series. If two doses of different mRNA COVID-19 vaccine products are administered in these situations (or inadvertently), no additional doses of either product are recommended at this time. 

Recommendations may be updated as further information becomes available or other vaccine types (e.g., viral vector, protein subunit vaccines) are authorized. Additional information on vaccine administration can be found here. 

Vaccine administration errors should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

FDA and CDC have confirmed that some providers are reporting the ability to obtain additional doses within the multidose COVID-19 vaccine vials manufactured by both Pfizer and Moderna. Consensus from FDA and CDC is that it is acceptable to use every full dose obtainable from each vial. However, since these are preservative free vials, it is critical to note that any further remaining liquid that does not constitute a full dose should not be pooled from multiple vials to create an additional dose.

Given the lack of data on the safety and efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered simultaneously with other vaccines, the vaccine series should routinely be administered alone, with a minimum interval of 14 days before or after administration with any other vaccine. However, mRNA COVID-19 and other vaccines may be administered within a shorter period in situations where the benefits of vaccination are deemed to outweigh the potential unknown risks of vaccine coadministration (e.g., tetanus toxoid-containing vaccination as part of wound management, measles or hepatitis A vaccination during an outbreak) or to avoid barriers or delays to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (e.g., in long-term care facility residents or healthcare personnel who received influenza or other vaccinations prior to/upon admission or onboarding). If mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are administered within 14 days of another vaccine, doses do not need to be repeated for either vaccine. Further information can be found here.

Currently, there are no data on the safety and efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in persons who received monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma as part of COVID-19 treatment. Based on the estimated half-life of such therapies and evidence suggesting that reinfection is uncommon in the 90 days after initial infection, vaccination should be deferred for at least 90 days, as a precautionary measure until additional information becomes available, to avoid potential interference of the antibody therapy with vaccine-induced immune responses. This recommendation applies to persons who receive passive antibody therapy before receiving any vaccine doses and those who receive passive antibody therapy after the first dose but before the second dose, in which case the second dose should be deferred for at least 90 days following receipt of the antibody therapy.

For persons receiving antibody therapies not specific to COVID-19 treatment (e.g., intravenous immunoglobulin, RhoGAM), administration of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines either simultaneously with or at any interval before or after receipt of an antibody-containing product is unlikely to substantially impair development of a protective antibody response. Thus, there is no recommended minimum interval between other antibody therapies (i.e., those that are not specific to COVID-19 treatment) and mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.  

More information can be found here.

Yes. CDC has released a summary table which provides descriptions of planned vaccine effectiveness evaluations they are conducting with partners. Table includes the research outcome, evaluation population, evaluation design, participating sites, and, where relevant, links to protocols that detail the evaluation designs.

The COVID-19 Prevention Network provides information on enrolling in clinical trials. Please click here for more information. The COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN) was formed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

It’s important to get a flu vaccine this year to make sure you don’t get the flu when doctors’ offices and hospitals are already crowded with COVID-19 patients. By getting a flu vaccine, you can help keep yourself healthy and give healthcare workers time to focus on COVID-19. It is possible to catch both the flu and COVID-19 at the same time.

You can get a flu shot from your healthcare provider or just about any pharmacy. Some public providers offer the flu vaccine for free. Visit the VDH website to find out where you can get your flu shot. 

Many public providers offer flu vaccines for adults and children in underserved areas. Refer to the VDH website for more information.

Getting a flu shot is the best way to protect yourself from the flu. Flu can cause serious illness, especially in older adults and infants. While the flu vaccine won’t prevent COVID-19, it is one thing we all can do to stay healthy this winter. The flu vaccine is available at pharmacies and doctor’s offices and should be taken every year in the fall or winter.

The COVID-19 vaccine will help prevent you from getting COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccines started coming to Virginia in December 2020, but it will take a while before they are easily available to the public. 

No. Each of these diseases are caused by different viruses. While the flu vaccine won't protect you from COVID-19, it will protect you from getting sick from the flu. Flu is a serious virus that causes deaths every year, especially among older adults and infants. Most people older than six months should get the flu vaccine every year.

Yes! Being pregnant puts you at a higher risk for serious illness caused by the flu. The flu shot can also protect the newborn since antibodies are passed to the child before birth. If you are pregnant, let the provider know, so you receive an inactivated flu vaccine.

If you think you have symptoms of COVID-19, get tested as soon as possible. You can check your symptoms online at www.vdh.virginia.gov/COVIDcheck and find out where you can be tested.

If you do have COVID-19 symptoms, wait 14 days from the time your symptoms end before getting a flu vaccine.

There is no evidence that it’s dangerous to get a flu vaccine while you have COVID-19, but you could spread the coronavirus to healthcare workers and other patients, so stay home until you have not had symptoms for 14 days.